Lands with ecological conditions that are not suitable for the periodic removal of soil or for economic development with clean crops, but that allow the management of perennial crops, such as fruit trees. These lands are also very scarce (2.1% of the national territory) and constitute the country’s agricultural potential.
Lands suitable for permanent crops
Suitable for arable and intensive agriculture, such as vegetables. They have very favorable soil, water, and climatic conditions for farming, with no major limitations.
Likewise, these lands are very scarce (3.8% of the national territory). bottoms; and in the Jungle, on recently formed terraces along rivers.
Lands suitable for clean crops
They have the capacity to be used for the exploitation of timber and non-timber forest resources. These are potentially productive lands, covering 38% of the surface area. Logically, 90% of forest lands are located in the Amazon territory, 8% in the Highlands, and a minimal portion on the Coast.
Lands suitable for forest production
National Territory of Peru
According to the Political Constitution of Peru, the territory comprises the soil, the subsoil, the maritime domain, and the airspace that covers them. Regarding the maritime domain, this includes the sea adjacent to its coasts, as well as its seabed and subsoil, up to a distance of two hundred nautical miles measured from the baselines established by law.
It is understood as the geographical space where a social group interacts; it is the physical support of the Nation and the State. In other words, the territory is not only land or soils, since it encompasses more dimensions and elements than just the surface or soils.
The Concept of Territory
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Agricultural Limitations in Peru
AGRICULTURE
The foundation of food security, economic growth, and sustainable development.
Information from the IV National Agricultural Census
The total agricultural area amounts to 38,742,000 ha, with the largest proportion being non-agricultural land: natural pastures with 18,019,000 ha (46.5%), forests and woodlands with 10,939,000 ha (28.2%), and other uses with 2,659,000 ha (6.9%). The agricultural area of Peru, according to the results of the latest agricultural census, amounts to 7,125,000 ha, representing 18.4% of the total agricultural area.
It is estimated that about 40% of the agricultural soils on the coast are affected by salinization and poor drainage processes. In addition, due to the annual river floods in the summer and the occurrence of the El Niño Phenomenon, and because of the lack of riverbank defenses, important areas of the scarce agricultural lands are lost. In the highlands, at least 60% of agricultural soils are affected by erosion processes of medium to extreme severity due to the lack of management techniques and the destruction of vegetation cover on the slopes.
Main Threats to Agricultural Soils
They are mainly deep soils with yellowish and reddish tones, acidic and well-drained, called acrisols or red-yellow podzolic soils; deep clayey soils (nitisols). In the area near the lowland rainforest, there are clayey soils with iron (plinthic acrisols). In the valleys, fluvisols, gleysols, and soils with expandable clays (vertisols) are found.
Acrisol Region
The Ecological and Economic Zoning (EEZ) is a participatory and consensus-building process, dynamic and flexible, that allows for the technical and comprehensive analysis of a given territorial area (district, province, region, or watershed) in order to sectorize it and identify different sustainable use alternatives, based on the evaluation of its potential and limitations using physical, biological, social, economic, and cultural criteria.